A person is infected with malaria by four parasites from the genus of Plasmodium: Plasmodium vivax (pathogen of three-day malaria), […]
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The Island of Autoimmunity
Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. On a windy spring day in Sardinia, I wander […]
The first violation of the immune system: hay fever
In March, 1819, a physician named John Bostock presented to the Medical and surgical society of London a description of […]
Cholera epidemic leads to reforms
In 1817, the world learned of a new disease, cholera-an acute gastrointestinal disease that kills a person in one day. […]
United States of America: the land of innocent filth
At the dawn of the nineteenth century, when industrialization was shaking great Britain, the newly independent United States of America […]
Peak Pollution During the Industrial Revolution
More than a hundred years earlier, a new type of building appeared in the countryside of the English County of […]
Background infectious diseases: a world even more teeming with helminths
Imagine that you are a worm watching this great human drama. You, like everyone else, just want to live and […]
The Era of Epidemics
Five thousand years ago, human settlements became large enough to support epidemic diseases. How many people lived in these settlements? […]
Neolithic: from the mud of Eden to pandemics
About 12,000 years ago (or perhaps earlier), someone in the Levant deliberately planted the seeds, perhaps tended the seedlings, and […]
Health in the late Paleolithic
After leaving Africa some 45,000 years ago (probably even earlier), modern humans arrived in Australia and 40,000 years ago in […]